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Известные армяне не из Армении


AndA

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Это далеко не все.Нет Евгения Вахтангова,нет Рубена и Евгения Симоновых.

глаза разбегаюцца .... :unsure:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_famous_armenians

тут тоже не все ... я потеряла ссылку, но тут тоже достаточно ...

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250px-Histamenon_nomisma-John_I-sb1776.jpg

John I Tzimiskes or Tzimisces, (Greek: Ιωάννης Α΄ Τζιμισκής, Iōannēs I Tzimiskēs; Armenian: Հովհաննես Ա Չմշկիկ, Armenian pronunciation: [hovhɑnnɛs tʃʰmʃkʼikʼ]; circa 925 - January 10, 976) was Byzantine Emperor from December 11, 969 to January 10, 976A brilliant and intuitive general, John's short reign saw the expansion of the empire's borders and the strengthening of Byzantium itself.[1].

John was born into the Armenian Kourkouas family and his nickname was derived either from the Armenian tshemshkik, meaning "red boot," or from an Armenian word for "short stature." He was born sometime in 925 to an unnamed member of the Kourkouas family by the sister of the future Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas. Both the Kourkouai and the Phokadai were distinguished Cappadocian families of Armenian origin, and among the most prominent of the emerging military aristocracy of Asia Minor. Several of their members had served as prominent army generals.

Contemporary sources describe John as a rather short but well-built man, with reddish blonde hair and beard and blue eyes who was attractive to women.[2] He seems to have joined the army at an early age, originally under the command of his maternal uncle Nikephoros Phokas. The latter is also considered his instructor in the art of war. Partly because of his familial connections and partly because of his personal abilities, John quickly rose through the ranks. He was given the political and military command of the theme of Armenia before he turned twenty-five years old. His marriage to Maria Skleraina linked him to the influential family of the Skleroi.

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Ованес Шираз

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Родился в городе Гюмри (Александрополь), во время геноцида армян. Отец был убит солдатами в поле, во время работы. Ованес рос в приюте для сирот, пока однажды на рынке случайно не нашел свою мать.

Его первое произведение — «Приход весны», было опубликовано в 1935 г., после чего новелист Атрпет дал молодому Ованесу псевдоним «Шиказ», сравнив его поэзию с розами персидского города Шираза.

В 1937—1941 гг. учился в филологическом факультете Ереванского гос. университета, позже- в Московском литературном институте им. Горького.

Опубликовал сборники «Начало весны», «Лира Армении», «Сиаманто и Хджезарэ», «Памятник матери», «Армянская дантийская» и т. д. Классик армянской поэзии. Основные темы его творчества- патриотизм и материнство. Стихотворения Шиказа, посвященные горе Арарат, геноциду армян, Ани, Андранику, тиражировались в Советской Армении и в армянской диаспоре огромными тиражами.

В 1960 и 1969 гг. фирма «Мелодия» на виниле выпустила вокально-симфонический цикл Авета Тертеряна «Родина» на слова Ованеса Шиказа.

Умер в марте 1984 г., в Ереване. Похоронен в пантеоне парка им. Комитаса.

рмени

В Гюмри (Александрополь), где родился Ованес, на улице Варпетац (Шаумяна) в середине 1980-х был открыт музей поэта, где собраны фотографии и документы, личные вещи и издания его произведений на 58 языках. Его именем названы улицы в Армении, Иране. В 2005 г. Левон Мкртчян выпустил документальный фильм «Hovhannes Shіrаz: A Documentary».

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Гео́ргий Ива́нович Гурджи́ев

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Гео́ргий Ива́нович Гурджи́ев (9 января 1872, Александрополь, Российская империя — 29 октября 1949, Нёйи-сюр-Сен, Франция) — философ и мистик, путешественник, астролог греко-армянского происхождения первой половины XX века. Его работа была посвящена саморазвитию человека, росту его сознания и бытия в повседневной жизни. Также уделял большое внимание физическому развитию человека, отчего был прозван, а в последние годы жизни и представлялся «учитель танцев».

Двоюродный брат Сергея Дмитриевича Меркурова, советского скульптора-монументалиста

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а вот вам и пиризидент :rolleyes:

225px-Lebanon.EmileLahoud.01.jpg

General Émile Jamil Lahoud ( born 12 January 1936) is a former President of Lebanon. Lahoud is a Maronite-Catholic, as is the norm for the Lebanese presidency. Under Lebanon's unwritten constitutional agreement, the National Pact, the presidency is earmarked for a Maronite Catholic, the parliament speaker's post for a Shiite Muslim and the prime minister's post is reserved for a Sunni Muslim.

He is the son of General Jamil Lahoud, a leader in the independence movement. His mother is of Armenian descent from the Armenian village of Kasab. Before being elected in 1998, he was Chief of Staff in the Army.

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лечу я однажды кенийскими авиалиниями

10часов полета - курить нельзя ... но кормят поят превосходно

"абсолют" в минибутылочках... виски-миски ....

нотбук сдох... делать неча - все дрыхнут - пошел я в хвост самолета с экипажем покалякать ....

общем симпотные такие афро-африканцы сплошь .....

Как только сказал , что я арминиен , они оооооооо...... знаем знаем

Артур .... и фамилия какая то не помню ....

и еще Артур и опять арм фамилия

Оказываецца Артур ....ян у них нач. президентской охраны

а др.Артур ....ян советник президента по экономикме

стюардесс рассказывала взахлеб ... мол земы наши там очень влиятельны

ходят в золоте на толстых шеях....

был полный прикол каким боком два Артура -армянина в Кении движения делают

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Ирина Аллегрова, Ирина Отиева, Игорь Саруханов, Вячеслав Добрынин, Тина Канделаки, Артур и Карина Багдасаровы, Карина Азнавурян, Вартерес Самургашев.

Плюс: Мари Лафоре (та, что пела песню из прогноза погоды), средневековый молдавский господарь Иоанн Лютый, румынский писатель Георгий Асаки.

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Нашел их :(

но пока я их вспоминал они в историю вляпались

Артур Маргарян и Артур Саркисян из Кении

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EŁIKEAN(Yeqīkīān), GRIGOR E. (1880-1951; pseud. V. Vasakuni, P. Andrēasean, V. Turean, G. Margarean, G. Astłuni, and Hnčʿakean), an active figure in Persian and Armenian politics, the press, and literature during the first half of the 20th century. Ełikean fled oppression in his native Ottoman empire in December 1896. Radicalized, he was forced to leave the Caucasus for Persia in 1902. He joined the Armenian Social-Democratic Hnčʿakean party and formed its first group in Rašt in 1904 (Dehgān, pp. vi, xxvi; Markʿsist, p. 89; M. M., pp. 186-87; Ṣadr Hāšemī, Jarāyed o majallāt I, pp. 343-44).

In 1910, after party work in the Caucasus, the United States, and the Ottoman empire, he went to Anzalī (q.v.), where, with the aid of Key Ostovān, he translated the Hnčʿakean party program into Persian. Ełikean was instrumental in the establishment on 29 October 1910 of a Persian group attached to the local Hnčʿakean branch (Astłuni, August 1913, p. 2; idem, 1930, pp. 192-93; Kitur, I, pp. 401-2; “Socio-démocrates persans à Anzali,” 1911; Neẓām-Māfī, pp. 213-22). On 7 January 1911 this group officially adopted the name Ferqa-ye sosīāl-demokrāt-e šoʿba-ye Anzalī, Dasta-ye Īrānīān. Shortly thereafter, Ełikean presented his views to the Persian regent, Mīrzā Abu’l-Qāsem Khan Nāṣer-al-Molk. This report, as well as Ełikean’s interpretation of social democracy, were published as separate brochures (Astłuni, 1930, p. 193; Chaqueri, 1988, pp. 23-24; Ełikean, 1910, pp. 100-4; Social-Democratic Party of Persia, “Naẓarīyāt-e emrūzī,” pp. 5-9). By the end of 1911 the party had been able to establish new branches only in Lāhījān and Āstārā. Lack of funds and strong leadership, as well as harassment by established Persian and Armenian parties, adversely affected the growth of the party (Astłuni, August 1913, p. 2; idem, December 1913, pp. 1-2; idem, 1930, pp. 130).

Over the next few years, Ełikean organized a Hnčʿakean party branch in Qazvīn, gave lectures in Tehran, established a Persian middle school in Anzalī, and taught at a state school in Rašt (Astłuni, 1930, pp. 194-97; Chaqueri, 1988, p. 31; Dehgān, p. ix; Ełikean, January 1939, p. 163; Sōc. Dēm. Hnčʿakean, 1931, p. 221; M. M., p. 190; L-ean, p. 1; F.O. 248/1176, 20 October 1917).

Ełikean frequently served as advisor and translator to Mīrzā Kūček Khan, founder of the Jangalī movement in Gīlān (1914-21; Chaqueri, 1995, index). As a local notable, Ełikean was influential in maintaining peace in Rašt during several occupations by foreign forces. He helped arrange an agreement between the Jangalīs and the local Armenians and periodically interceded with Kūček Khan on the Armenians’ behalf. Ełikean’s concern over the Ottoman Turkish threat to Armenians’ safety and Persian sovereignty led him to make diplomatic efforts to unite and assist all opponents of the Turks, including the English and the Soviets (Vasakuni, April 1919-September 1920; idem, February-March 1920; idem, June-October 1920; Chaqueri, 1988, pp. 31-35; Ełikean, 1938-40; see bibliography for F.O. and ARF references).

In November 1920 he was appointed head of the Council on Education for the Soviet Socialist Republic of Persia, founded in Rašt, and supervised all schools, orphanages, poorhouses, and hotels in the province of Gīlān. He attempted to preserve educational ties with the rest of Persia but quit after an uphill struggle against Russo-Caucasian Bolsheviks (Ełikean, 1938-40; idem, 1363 Š./1984, pp. 349-58; M. M., p. 192).

For the last thirty years of his life, Ełikean fought Soviet influence among Armenians and in Persia. Partly for this reason the Hnčʿakean party expelled him in 1938 (Ełikean, 1930, pp. 37-44; idem, 1938-40; Hnčʿakean, pp. 8-9; Kitur, ed., I, pp. 513-14, 519-20, 528, II, pp. 179, 295, 605-7; M. M. pp. 191-92; Martuni, pp. 107, 117-23; Agabekov, pp. 33-34, 76, 81). In Persia Ełikean was the editor of the newspapers Īrān-e kabīr, Āsīā-ye wosṭā, Saʿādat-e bašar, and Īrān-e konūnī, and contributed toward other newspapers. He also criticized the growing sympathy of the Persian government toward Germany and Turkey. He proposed an alliance of Persians, Armenians, Kurds, and Afghans as belonging to a common ethnic and cultural heritage (Ṣadr Hāšemī, Jarāʾed o majallat I, p. 241; Chaqueri, 1988, p. 36). Concerned about the growing power of the shah, Ełikean joined a diverse group of newspaper editors called the Freedom front (Jabha-ye āzādī) at the end of World War II, but fearing the influence of the pro-Soviet Tūda Party, he soon resigned and joined a new coalition of anti-Tūda journalists called the Independence front (Jabha-ye esteqlāl) (Barzīn, pp. 17, 70-71; Chaqueri, 1988, pp. 35-36; Dehgān, pp. xiii-xix; Ełikean, 1926, p. 4; Elwell-Sutton, p. 80; Ṣadr Hāšemī, Jarāʾed o majallāt I, pp. 146-47, 341-43).

Ełikean was a translator, a prolific writer of fiction, political commentator, and essayist in both Persian and Armenian (Chaqueri, 1988, p. 36; Dehgān, pp. xix-xxii, xxvii; M. M., pp. 186-93; Ṣadr Hāšemī, Jarāʾed o majallāt I, p. 345; Sepānlū, p. 207). His memoirs are an important primary source on the Jangalī movement.

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EPʿREM KHAN (Pers. Yeprem/Efrem; 1868-1912), Armenian revolutionary and important military leader of the Constitutional Revolution in Iran. Epʿrem Dawtʿean (Asribēkean) was born of an Armenian family in Barsum village (Ganja province) in the Russian Caucasus. As a youth, he participated in Armenian nationalist groups and partisan activities in the Ottoman empire. He was arrested by Russian Cossacks in September 1890 while he was trying to cross the Russo-Ottoman frontier as a member of the Kukunean expedition. This guerilla force, composed of several hundred Armenian fighters, intended to instigate European intervention in favor of reforms for Ottoman Armenians by formenting disturbances. After spending several years in prison, Epʿrem was exiled to Siberia in 1892, but he managed to escaped to Tabrīz in October 1896 (Melikʿ, pp. 15-16; Movsisean, 1972; Varandean, I, pp. 76-77).

Epʿrem began working full-time for the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF), an Armenian nationalist and socialist political party whose activity in Persia was primarily directed against the Ottoman regime (see DAŠNAK). Epʿrem smuggled guns from the Caucasus, which often were later introduced into Ottoman territory; politically organized Armenians in Tabrīz and Qarādāḡ and taught in the Armenian schools of the village Aḡāḡān in Qarādāḡ. In August 1897 Epʿrem participated in an ARF punitory raid across the border against the Ottoman Kurdish Mazrik tribe, which had recently conducted a massacre of Armenians. Ottoman pressure on the Persian government to punish the Armenians involved led Epʿrem to take a refuge briefly in the Caucasus. In 1902, several years after his return to Persia, he married. He worked in road construction and then bought a brick factory in the Persian town of Rašt (Amurean, 1950, pp. 91, 97-100, 103-8; Ēlmar, pp. 205-16; Varandean, I, pp. 177-89).

By 1906, Epʿrem was a proponent of ARF participation in the Persian constitutional movement, which the party formally accepted in February 1907 (Ēlmar, p. 113; Amurean, 1950, p. 55). Moḥammad-ʿAlī Shah’s efforts to suppress the movement, especially the bombardment of the Persian parliament by Cossacks on 23 June 1908 and the disbanding of the Rašt anjoman, led Epʿrem, during the summer of 1908 when he was visiting Baku, to obtain arms and prepare for revolutionary activity. He helped establish the Sattār Committee (named after the revolutionary leader Sattār Khan), composed of Persians and Armenians, in Rašt; but, unhappy with its social democratic leanings, he founded in Anzalī Komīta-ye barq, which was more revolutionary in nature (Yeprem, pp. 23-25; Taqīzāda, p. 123; Faḵrāʾī, pp. 113-15; Amurean, 1950, pp. 109-11; Amurean, 1976-79, pp. 20-24; Ēlmar, pp. 218-24; Kasrawī, Aḏarbāyjān, p. 8; Rāʾīn, p. 64; Hayrik, p. 27).

Epʿrem was one of the leaders of the coalition of constitutionalist Armenians, Georgians, and Persians which occupied Rašt on 27 Moḥarram 1327/8 February 1909. Epʿrem and a small force then occupied Anzalī (Yeprem, pp. 26-27; Ēlmar, pp. 227-28, 232-34; Kasrawī, Aḏarbāyjān, p. 10; Hayrik, pp. 27-28; Malekzāda, 3rd ed., p. 1070; Faḵrāʾī, pp. 119-20; Amurean, 1976, pp. 25-27).

A commission of war to coordinate the fighting was created, with Epʿrem a member (Kasrawī, Āḏarbāyjān, p. 12; Malekzāda, 3rd ed., p. 1073). Epʿrem proceeded towards Qazvīn with Armenian and Georgian fighters, and after various battles along the way, they took the city on 14 Rabīʿ II/5 May. A few days later, a powerful landowner, Moḥammad-Walī Khan Sepahdār Tonokābonī came from Rašt, where the revolutionaries had made him governor-general of Gīlān, to join the fighters as their titular leader (Kasrawī, Aḏarbāyjān, p. 24; Yeprem, pp. 27-33; Hayrik, pp. 28-30; Tēr Daniēlean, Nov. 1924, pp. 65-67).

Epʿrem then took the initiative in organizing an expedition on Tehran, and his group formed the advance guard. A few days after its unsuccessful attempt to take Šāhābād on 4-5 July, Sepahdār and ʿAlī-Qolī Khan Sardār Asʿad Baḵtīārī (q.v.) with his Baḵtīārī cavalry joined their forces with Epʿrem’s. After fighting in nearby villages, Tehran was entered on 24 Jomādā II/13 July and quickly pacified (Kasrawī, Aḏarbāyjān, pp. 33-34, 51-58; Shuster, xlvi; Browne, Persian Revolution, pp. 438-40; Malekzāda, 3rd. ed., pp. 1162-234; Yeprem, pp. 40-58; Varandean, II, pp. 84-85; Hayrik, pp. 31-35; Tēr Daniēlean, November 1924, pp. 69-72; Melikʿ Andrēasean, I, II).

Epʿrem was accorded the right to participate in the discussions and vote in the temporary Majles-e ʿālī (Supreme Assembly), which deposed Moḥammad-ʿAlī Shah in favor of his son and formed a new government. He was appointed chief of police for the city on 12 Rajab 1327/30 July 1909 by the latter body, and proceeded to restore order in Tehran (Kasrawī, Aḏarbāyjān, p. 62; Malekzāda, 3rd. ed., p. 1247; Yeprem, p. 60; Hayrik, p. 36). He reorganized the police force and formed a gendarmerie, introducing European uniforms and training. These reforms were paid through a new tax on alcoholic beverages, opium, and tobacco. By the fall of 1910, Epʿrem was appointed chief of police for all Persia (Ēlmar, 290-93; Varandean, II, pp. 85-86; Tēr Daniēlean, March 1925, pp. 108, 110; Rāʾīn, pp. 249, 265-67, 282-84; Faḵrāʾī, p. 258)

Epʿrem led a number of successful military campaigns against opponents of the constitutional regime. The devotion and respect of his men was so great that both Armenians and Persians called him “father.” On 2 Ḏu’l-Qaʿda 1327/15 November 1909 the combined forces of Epʿrem and Jaʿfar-Qolī Khan Baḵtīārī (q.v.), son of ʿAlī-Qolī Khan Sardār Asʿad, defeated Mollā Qorbān-ʿAlī in Zanjān. In December and January it defeated the forces of Raḥīm Khan Čalabīānlū and the other Khans of Qarādāḡ. In March 1910 Epʿrem persuaded Bāqer Khan and Sattār Khan to leave Tabrīz in order to avoid complications with Russian occupiers. In April, Epʿrem and the state troops defeated the Šāhsevan tribes (Ēlmar, 296-343; Kasrawī, Aḏarbāyjān, pp. 74-75, 102-12, 115-17; Malekzāda, 3rd. ed., pp. 1307-9, 1315-16; Tēr Daniēlean, December 1924, pp. 68-77, January 1925, pp. 131-37, February 1925, pp. 89-94; Shuster, pp. lii).

When the ex-shah landed on Persian soil on 17 July 1911, the most powerful of three armies sent against him was led by Epʿrem, with a core of 200 Armenian fighters, to Khorasan. A group the latter sent behind Moḥammad-ʿAlī’s forces in Māzandarān defeated them near Āmol. Epʿrem, with the help of Sardār Bahādor and Sardār Moḥtašam, won the crucial victory near Emāmzˊāda Jaʿfar on 11 Ramażan 1329/5 September 1911 against ʿAlī Khan Aršad-al-Dawla, the ex-Shah’s best general, who was marching on Tehran. The next day Aršad-al-Dawla was executed on orders from Tehran (Kasrawī, Aḏarbāyjān, pp. 168-69, 171-86; Malekzāda, 3rd. ed., pp. 1407, 1427-32; Tēr Daniēlean, March 1925, pp. 110-12; “Parskastan,” February 1912, pp. 26-27).

The Shah’s younger brother, Sālār-al-Dawla, was decisively defeated at the end of September 1911 at Sāva and Bāḡ-e Šāh southeast of Tehran by Epʿrem’s gendarmes, Armenian volunteers, and the Baḵtīārīs (Ēlmar, 480-93; Kasrawī, Aḏarbājān, pp. 192-93; Malekzāda, 3rd. ed., pp. 1436-42, 1315-16; Tēr Daniēlean, March 1925, pp. 112-16; “Parskastan,” April 1912, pp. 84-87). As a reward, the government presented Epʿrem with a gem-studded sword, a pension, and the title of Sardār (Shuster, p. 135; Kasrawī, Aḏarbāyjān, p. 186; Malekzāda, 3rd ed., p. 1438; Ēlmar, pp. 538-40).

A second expedition in 1912 was directed against the forces of the ex-Shah in the Šāhrūd and Dāmˊḡān region, and Sālār-al-Dawla in the Kermānšāh area. Thre groups of fighters were sent out against the ex-shah by Epʿrem forced the latter to leave Persia. However, on 2 Jomādā II 1330/19 May 1912, during a successful battle against Sālār-al-Dawla’s forces, Epʿrem was killed while trying to rescue the body of a comrade (Ēlmar, pp. 522-35; Kasrawī, Aḏarbāyjān, p. 518; Malekzāda, 3rd. ed., pp. 1480, 1518-21; Tēr Daniēlean, April 1925, pp. 89-93).

Epʿrem uneasily reconciled his revolutionary beliefs with his position as police chief, resigning and returning to office several times. Many, including ARF members, criticized him for following government orders, particularly on the following occasions: He helped organize the disarming of disaffected, disorderly former constitutionalist fighters, including Sattār Khan and Bāqer Khan, on 7 August 1910 in Atābak-e Aʿẓam Park, which led to a number of casualties. On 24 December 1911, Epʿrem shut down the parliament in order to comply with a Russian ultimatum, and this marked the close of Persia’s Constitutional Revolution (Kasrawī, Aḏarbāyjān, pp. 134-35, 256-58, 481, 492, 516-17; Malekzāda, 3rd. ed., pp. 1345-51, 1473-77, 1392; Ēlmar, pp. 504-7, 558-68; Shuster, pp. 200, 215; Amurean, 1976, pp. 167-71; Rāʾīn, pp. 343-72; Tēr Daniēlean, March 1925, pp. 108-10).

Epʿrem is generally evaluated positively as a leading figure in the Constitutional Revolution by historians favorable towards the latter, like Kasrawī, and disparaged by critics like Ṣafāʿī (Faḵrāʾī, pp. 258-60). Some Islamic Republic textbooks incorrectly ascribe to him membership in the court condemning Shaikh Faẓl-Allāh Nūrī to death (Abrahamian, 1993, p. 96).

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ALLĀHVERDĪ KHAN (d. 1072/1662), son of Ḵosrow Khan (d. 1063/1653), a Safavid ḡolām of Armenian origin. Under Shah Ṣafī I Allāhverdī attained the rank of yūzbāšī-e ḡolāmān-e ḵāṣṣa. At the accession of ʿAbbās II (1052/1642) his father was promoted from amīršekār-bāšī to beglerbegī of Šīrvān, and he was appointed to the vacant post. He distinguished himself in the 1058-59/1648-49 Qandahār campaign, and Shah ʿAbbās rewarded him with the title of moṣāḥeb and the governorship of Astarābād. After the death of Sīāvoš Khan (ca. 1061/1650-51) Allāhverdī Khan was made qullār-āqāsī and beglerbegī of Kohgīlūya. In 1064/1654 he replaced the disgraced ʿAlī-qolī Khan as sardār-e laškar, and then spent several winters in Khorasan guarding against Mughal and Uzbek attacks. In spring 1068/1658 Allāhverdī was to lead a Safavid army to the aid of Morādbaḵš, Awrangzēb’s brother and rival for the Mughal throne, but news of Morādbaḵš’s arrest cancelled these plans. Later that year Allāhverdī built an aviary for ʿAbbās at Isfahan, and soon thereafter he was sent to Azerbaijan and Georgia, where he remained for the next three years. Kaḵatīa (eastern Georgia) had been devastated by ʿAbbās I’s conquest, and Allāhverdī was ordered to fortify and repopulate the region by the forced resettlement of some 1,500 Turkish tribal households. As well as helping to quell Georgian unrest, Allāhverdī repaired fortifications and built and garrisoned the new forts of Šāhābād, Noṣratābād, and Eslāmābād. ʿAbbās recalled Allāhverdī to Isfahan in late summer 1072/1661; the following spring (1072/1662) he died after a long illness. ʿAbbās generously endowed his tomb establishment at Isfahan (near the tomb of Bābā Rokn-al-dīn) and appointed Allāhverdī’s brother, Emāmverdī Beg, as his new amīršekār-bāšī.

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FRIEDRICH CARL ANDREAS, German Iranologist (1846-1930).

Andreas was born in Batavia, Java, of Armenian, German, and Malayan descent. After general education in Hamburg and Geneva, he pursued Iranian and other Oriental studies at Erlangen, Göttingen, Halle, and Leipzig universities, and completed his graduate work in Copenhagen and Kiel. In 1887 he married Lou Andreas-Salomé, a well-known German writer and psychoanalyst. Between 1875 and 1881, he conducted field work in India with the Parsees and in southern Iran. His research in Europe focused on the languages and music of Ossetia and the Indo-Afghan borderlands. From 1903 to his death he was professor of western Asiatic philology at Göttingen.

A master of many living languages, Andreas specialized in the history of languages and civilizations, but his interests extended to philosophy and natural history. He excelled in reading difficult Oriental scripts, ancient or modern, and in perceiving the finest nuances of spoken languages, especially their accents. Although reluctant to publish the results of his research, he was generous in making them available to students and friends. Many of his findings are scattered in the publications of other scholars (and not always formulated to his satisfaction); much is still unpublished. Iranologists of several generations, such as Kaj Barr, Arthur Christensen, Bernhard Geiger, Walter Bruno Henning, Paul Horn, Wolfgang Lentz, Herman Lommel, and Oskar Mann, owe him decisive influences on their work. Among his fundamental insights was the recognition that the difference between “Arsacid” (i.e., Parthian) and “Sasanian” (i.e., southwestern) Middle Iranian is essentially one of dialect, rather than time sequence. Working with the Manichean fragments from Turfan, he quickly isolated those texts written in Parthian (which he called the “northern dialect”) and identified another “Pahlavi dialect” as the Sogdian language. Even when his ideas were later modified, they proved important starting-points for research; this is particularly true of the hotly debated “Andreas Theory” (see below). In an equally sharp controversy concerning an alleged Iranian “salvation mystery” Andreas took no personal position, but his translations of the Manichean Turfan fragments provided part of the basis for discussion.

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